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Kusari (Japanese mail armour)
Kusari gusoku (chain armour) is the Japanese term for mail armour. Kusari is a type of armour used by the samurai class and their retainers in feudal Japan. When the word ''kusari'' is used in conjunction with an armoured item it usually means that the ''kusari'' makes up the majority of the armour defence.〔(''A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times'', George Cameron Stone, Courier Dover Publications, 1999 p. 403 )〕
==History and description==
The Japanese had more varieties of mail than all the rest of the world put together.〔 ''Kusari'' was used in samurai armour at least from the time of the Mongol invasions (1270s) but particularly from the Nanboku-chō period period (1336–1392).〔(''Brassey's Book of Body Armor'', Robert C. Woosnam-Savage, Anthony Hall, Brassey's, 2002 p.92 )〕 Kusari was typically made with rings that were much smaller than their European counterparts, and patches of kusari were used to link together plates and to drape over vulnerable areas such as the underarm. Most common parts of samurai armour could be made with kusari as the main armour defense as well as many types of garments including ''jackets'', ''hoods'', ', ''vests'', ''shin'', shoulder, ', even ''kusari tabi'' socks. Kusari gusoku (chain armour) was commonly used during the Edo period 1603 to 1868 as a stand-alone defense. According to George Cameron Stone, "Entire suits of mail ''kusari gusoku'' were worn on occasions, sometimes under the ordinary clothing". During most of the Edo period, traditional armour was for the most part relegated to ceremonial use and as a display of wealth, power, class and rank, while lightweight portable armour and armoured clothing such as tatami armour and kusari karabira were still in use. While large battles were a thing of the past, revolts, peasant uprisings, clan conflicts, individual duels, assassination attempts etc. ensured that samurai still needed some kind of armour protection.〔(''Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan'', Authors Oscar Ratti, Adele Westbrook, Publisher Tuttle Publishing, 1991, ISBN 0-8048-1684-0, ISBN 978-0-8048-1684-7 P.196 )〕 Edo period samurai police officers (machi-kata doshin) wore kusari garments for protection when making an arrest,〔(''Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai'', Don Cunningham, Publisher Tuttle Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8048-3536-5, ISBN 978-0-8048-3536-7 P.46 )〕 and Ian Bottomley in his book ''Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan''〔Ian Bottomley& A.P. Hopson "Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan" pp.155–156 ISBN 1-86222-002-6〕 shows a picture of a kusari armour and mentions ''kusari katabira'' (chain jackets) with detachable arms being worn by samurai police officials during the Edo period. The end of the samurai era in the 1860s, along with the 1876 ban on wearing swords in public, marked the end of any practical use for mail and other armour in Japan. Japan turned to a conscription army and uniforms replaced armour.〔(''The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International'', 1998 p.43 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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